In addition to physical measurements in solid-state physics, physical measurements of biological systems, particularly living cells, have emerged as a new frontier in physics. The observations and manipulation for intracellular protein molecules in nonequilibrium environments living cell represent one of the most challenging targets. In recent years, advances in super-resolution microscopy have enabled precise measurements at the length scale, leading to significant progress in our understanding of intracellular structures. In contrast, techniques for accurately measuring dynamic physical quantities such as force and energy of protein molecules inside cells remain underdeveloped. To address this challenge, our laboratory is developing new methodologies to measure dynamic physical quantities such as force and energy. Based on these measurements, we aim to construct theoretical models of intracellular phenomena and achieve a quantitative physical understanding of cellular dynamics. Ultimately, we aim to further advance the contribution of physics to medicine by deepening our understanding of various diseases, including neurological disorders.

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